Theraputic Value Of Music Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Theraputic Value Of Music Essay, Research Paper Title: Music Has Therapeutic Value Argument Essay Format Attention Grabber: Stress. Anxiety. Frustration. # 8220 ; All the things in my life are non traveling as they should be! Time is non on my side. There is no clip for the things I have to make every twenty-four hours any longer! # 8221 ; Thoughts, such ideas with choler go through my head as I am driving my kids to their athleticss nine patterns after a twenty-four hours of school. Upon their choice up, they are in their ain happy universes with perfectly no attentions or concerns to worry them. They do non cognize of all my concern, my battles as their female parent, or my day-to-day conflicts. Equally shortly as I start the auto into gesture, my oldest girl turns on the wireless and all of sudden, the auto is quiet with no 1 speaking but merely hearing. The music non being excessively speedy in tune or excessively slow. We will write a custom essay sample on Theraputic Value Of Music Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My kids must hold had their ain wrestlings throughout the twenty-four hours at school because they seemed to hold relaxed merely as I did when the music began to sound. They seem to hold become more content with merely sitting back in an car and merely basking more of their drive place to their pattern lucifers. Music. Pure enjoyment. Comforting. Relaxing. Background: By merely listening to music, it can assist cut down emphasis block out negative emotions in an person. Music is known for extinguishing anxiousness, defeat, and depression. With assorted types of music to take from, all have different effects on a human being. For energy, sounds with cheerful beats have been used before exercises or athleticss games with jocks. With quieting one # 8217 ; s self down in head, single veer toward listening to lighter beats and tones to carry through a relaxed temper. Many surveies and experiments have been performed throughout the old ages to turn out that music does hold good values to persons. Many of music intents is entirely focused on amusement merely but with grounds, music can be used in helping emphasis. Position Statement ( Thesis ) : Music has curative value, as many research workers have found. Through studies and surveies, this theory is proven. # 1-Logical Appeal, Reason With Evidence: After appraising a group of pupils at San Juan College in Farmington, New Mexico, of the Spring semester of the twelvemonth two 1000. The pupils were given optional pick-and-choose questionaire. The graduated table being rather simple. The computations include each per centum indicating the runs represented 50 to sixty San Juan College pupils. A 10 per centum response is represented five to six 100 pupils. The study resulted in the followers: Emotional and Ethical Appeal ( if appropriate ) : The study consequences were high in persons listening to more than four hours of music per twenty-four hours. The # 8220 ; none at all # 8221 ; class had no Markss at all saying everyone listens to music sometime or throughout their yearss. The highest mark for intent of listening to music was for enjoyment and 2nd, for relaxation. The pupils at San Juan College agreed that music could be used as therapy with a 95 per centum to five per centum consequence. About half of the pupils that participated in the study are parents. The study included age for extra study information, 60 per centum of the pupils were between 18 and 25 old ages of age, 20 per centum between 26 and 35. Ten per centum, both age classs of 35 to 45 and 46 or older, was tallied on the study. A subdivision on the study included inquiring the pupil to portion any experiences of music as therapy in their lives and some responded with, # 8220 ; Classical music was played to see if listening to it would break my classs? and it did. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; I listen to music when I # 8217 ; m mad. It helps me unagitated down. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; When a decease occurred in my household, I couldn # 8217 ; t slumber. During reding, they gave us some recorded music to listen to to assist us kip better at nights. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Music is indispensable for me because it is the lone manner I can travel to sleep.† â€Å"Listening to music quiet me and tends to help in acquiring rid of headaches.† â€Å"Music relaxes me when I need it and besides it helps me acquire pumped up for athleticss or for work.† # 2-Logical Appeal, Reason With Evidence: Many surveies have been performed and one of them on a group of down striplings. Two signifiers of therapy performed on them to happen which worked best were massage or music therapy. First, 30 striplings around the age of 18 were indiscriminately assigned to rub down and music group. All were unmarried and their socioeconomic position was low. Sixty per centum being African American and the other 40 per centum were Hispanic. After the massage and music Sessionss, three-minute EEG ( EEG ) recordings were obtained. With a stretchy lycra # 8220 ; EEG # 8221 ; cap that was topographic point on the participant # 8217 ; s caput, electrodes were positioned and topographic point at the outer canthus and around one oculus. Eye motion and gross motor motion was monitored. The massage therapy the striplings received were of a Swedish manner which consisted of long, wide shots, utilizing moderate force per unit area, and administered to the dorsum, weaponries, custodies, and cervix. The music therapy given to the striplings involved listening to fifteen proceedingss of elating stone music. This music had antecedently been selected by another group of striplings who were similar to the group being studied. The music list consisted of # 8220 ; Straight Up # 8221 ; by Paula Abdul, a vocal that is cheerful and can be dance to. # 8220 ; Nasty # 8221 ; by Janet Jackson, another wellbeing and dance vocal. # 8220 ; Vision of Love # 8221 ; by Mariah Carey, this vocal is a love lay. The last vocal was # 8220 ; Keep the Faith # 8221 ; by Michael Jackson and is a moderate in pacing and an inspirational vocal. All pupils wore earphones while listening to the vocals. Though both massage and music therapy altered the depressive symptoms, music scored the most over the massages received ( Jones 2 ) Emotional and Ethical Appeal ( if appropriate ) : # 3-Logical Appeal, Reason With Evidence: Human existences have ever found intensely personal significance in forms of sound. Robert Jourdain has examined the encephalon and its forms to sound in his book, # 8220 ; Music, the Brain, and Ectasy. # 8221 ; Mr. Jourdain has found that our encephalon makes sense out of what it hears and makes a relation. If we are stressed and music begins to play, our encephalon will utilize the music as a tool to assist in get bying with the emphasis or defeat. Emotional and Ethical Appeal ( if appropriate ) : It is frequently read or heard in the imperativeness that the right side of the encephalon is relational and the left side of the encephalon is analytical. Harmonizing to Jourdain, such descriptions are highly na? ve and are a misconception of what laterilization is all about. Laterilization is the impression that each side of the encephalon dominates certain activities. Laterality does non intend absolute control harmonizing to Jourdain. ( Jourdain 280 ) The generalisation of the functions of the two sides of the encephalon is that the left encephalon is peculiarly concerned with patterning dealingss between events across clip, while the right encephalon favours relation between at the same time happening events. The left hemisphere specialized in non jus the grammatical transmutations of linguistic communication but besides trains of analytical thought, intent of physical motions, perceptual experience and coevals of rhythmic forms in music. While the right hemisphere is adept of patterning dealingss, organic structure place, and dealingss among sounds and the musical chords. Laterality in tune processing goes to the right hemisphere. ( Jourdain 281 ) Possibly more Entreaties: Opposing Position: Logical Appeals ( And perchance ethical entreaties ) to Refute: Repeat of Position Statement: Music has curative value, as many research workers have proven. Though the unfavorable judgment and dissensions from others, music has a definite positive consequence overall.

The Thevenin equivalent resistance Essays

The Thevenin equivalent resistance Essays The Thevenin equivalent resistance Paper The Thevenin equivalent resistance Paper When using a voltage or current that varies, certain components that would not work with a direct current become functional. The capacitor is this type of component. It is made up of two conducting pieces of material that are a small distance apart and are separated by an insulator (or dielectric). The following experiments will show the way in which the capacitor works when placed in a working circuit in different combinations with a resistor. They will show how the time constant can be calculated experimentally as well as theoretically. One of the most underlying laws when dealing with electronics, which was introduced by Georg Ohm in 1821 [Gough], is Ohms Law. These experiments will validate this law. It will also investigate how the characteristics of a circuit may change when introducing resistors in parallel or series and as a result, verify the voltage divider rule. They will look at voltage drops around complete loops and how by manipulating a circuit can be used to make complex networks simpler, thereby validating Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws, and Thevenins Theorem. The Wheatstone bridge circuit was developed in 1843 by Charles Wheatstone in order to determine the values of unknown resistances [Gough], This will be investigated to check the validity of the Wheatstone bridge theory and prove its usefulness. Theory Experiment P-IE-R-1 (Ohms Law) Ohms Law indicates that the current through a conductor is proportional to the difference in potential between its ends. This, in equation form, is shown by V=I R (V is potential difference, I is the current and R is the constant of proportionality, or resistance). So if a current is passed through a circuit with an unknown resistance, this resistance can be calculated by plotting a graph of voltage against current. This should produce a straight line with a slope equalling the value of R. Experiment P-IE-R-2 (Resistor Networks) If a number of components are connected so that the current through each of them is equal then they are connected in series. So if you have two resistors connected in series, as shown below in Figure 1, then V1 = R1 I and V2 = R2 I. If you total all the separate potential differences around the circuit in Figure 1, then the sum will be 0, this is true for any complete loop in a circuit. It is known as Kirchoffs Voltage Law. As a result of this, each value of resistance can be combined to give an equivalent resistance, referred to as Req, this has no effect on the characteristics of the circuit. However, the components within a circuit can be connected up so that the potential difference across each of them is identical. This is a parallel connection. The two resistors in Figure 2 show components in parallel. The current of each is given as I1 = V/R1 and I2 = V/R2. As charge is conserved, it can be said the amount of current going into a node is equal to the total amount that leaves it, i. e. the sum of the currents is 0 (This is known as Kirchoffs current law). Therefore, the amount of current that passes through the two resistors in Figure 2 has to be equal to the current that is generated by the supply. It can be expressed as I = I1 + I2. By manipulating this equation and applying Ohms law, the equivalent resistance of the circuit can be calculated using the following equation 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2. But when there are only two resistors it can be written as Req = R1 R2 / (R1 + R2), this is known as the product over the sum rule. Experiment P-IE-R-3 (Kirchoffs Laws and Thevenin Resistor Networks) Kirchoffs Laws: As mentioned above, Kirchoffs Voltage Law is defined as The algebraic sum of the potential differences around any complete loop of a circuit is zero [Gough]. Therefore if you refer to Figure 1, V = V1 + V2. But as Figure 2 indicates, current flows into the positive side of a resistor but at the same time out of the positive terminal of an emf source. As a result potential difference can be called the Voltage Drop. Also mentioned above, Kirchoffs current law can be defined as the algebraic sum of the currents into any node is zero [Gough]. So where three or more conductors connect the total current through the node will equal the current from the supply. Referring back to Figure 2, this can be shown by writing I = I1 + I2. Thevenins Theorem Thevenins Theorem can be defined as any network of resistors and batteries having two terminals is equivalent, as far as its terminal behaviour is concerned, to the series combination of a resistor and a DC voltage supply. [Gough] With a Voltage divider (Figure 3), by moving the switch to certain possible connections, different fractions of the supply can be created at the output. So if the switch is connected to the point B as shown, the output voltage can be obtained using the formula Vout = I R3. The current can be calculated by first working out the total resistance of the circuit and then by using Ohms law. If a load resistance is put across the output terminals as shown in Figure 3, then the current in the circuit will no longer be the same. The new value for the current will now be obtainable by using the formula I = V (R3 + RL)/ RL (R1 + R2 + R3) + (R1 + R2) R3. If a load is connected across Vout, then the current through the load resistance will be given by IL = Vout/RL. This shows that by using a combination of Ohms law and Kirchoffs Current and Voltage Laws, more complex circuits can be analysed faster and more easily. Experiment P-IE-R-4 (The Wheatstone Bridge) As Figure 4 shows the unknown resistor is R4, the other resistances, apart from R5, are known and can be a combination of different values. This circuit works by varying the resistance of R1, R2 and R3 so that the current through R5 is equal to zero. When the circuit is in this situation the bridge is known to be balanced. The value of the unknown resistor can then be worked out by using the values of the now known resistors. By using Thevenins theorem the current through R5 can be found by changing the rest of the circuit to its Thevenins equivalent, this gives the circuit shown in Figure 5. The Thevenin equivalent resistance (RT) across DB is ascertained by connecting these two parallel resistor combinations across R5, giving the Formula: RT = (R1 R3/ R1 + R3) + (R2 R4 / R2 + R4) The Thevenin equivalent voltage is determined by measuring the potential difference between the points D and B without R5 connected. As there are two parallel combinations of resistors, the voltage through each of them will be equal. This Voltage will be equal to the one that is driving the circuit, i. e. V, therefore the equivalent Thevenin Voltage can be obtained by using the formula VT = VDB = V [(R1 / {R1 + R3}) (R2 / {R2 + R4})] So I5 can be worked out using the Thevenin equivalent Voltage and resistance along with R5. The bridge is balanced when VT is equal to zero.

Virtues a successful ruler has according to Machiavelli Essay

Virtues a successful ruler has according to Machiavelli - Essay Example The World Wars clearly illustrate the lengths that have been taken in a attempt to acquire power and fame. However, other social setting have been able to peaceful elect their leaders successful without any strife. A question is then raised on the different scenarios that lead to peace or war among the people. Philosophers went a step further to study the reasons behind the behavior of people leading them to act in a certain way and the mindset involved. Some of them focused on the politics of the people and especially their leaders who determined the political environment of their citizens. Machiavelli was one such individual who drew some conclusions on qualities that led to a successful ruler. We shall discuss his theories at a critical angle and justify his conclusions. Machiavelli was born at a time when the political situation of his time was filled with devious acts of tyranny and dictatorship. The leaders of his time including the Pope took over power by means of force and tr eachery without the slightest hint of apology to the people involved. The citizens took second place in their fight for supremacy and their welfare, including the prosperity of their countries was a dismissal subject. These events lead Machiavelli to look back at past leadership regimes and the impact of their rule on society. He gives an example of Cesare Borgia and states, ‘‘Cesare Borgia was accounted cruel; nevertheless, this cruelty of his reformed Romagna, brought it unity, and restored order and obedience†¦.’’1. It is clear from the quote that the philosopher was only trying to be reasonable in his approach to the situation at hand. He justified the means to the ultimate end as was core understanding of politics. As a politician himself, Machiavelli decided to resign from public office and write guidelines on successful qualities of leaders as he saw fit at the time. He begins by outlining that a ruler must possess the qualities of virtu and For tuna. By way of virtu, one is able to control the status of his leadership and assert himself among his people. This was not the traditional virtuous way of leading, but an unconventional stand in which one uses any means possible to establish their rule. Such means are at times violent and harmful to the people but they sometimes arrived at the desired results as was initially intended. Andrew in his book writes, ‘As such, when he talks about â€Å"virtue,† he tends to mean, not moral goodness or Christian piety, but skill required to keep control of one’s kingdom.’2 He goes ahead to explain that the functionality of the two factors go hand in hand with each other thus one has to be able to prepare for future outcomes by influencing their result. This involves adapting to the changes that may occur in the course of pursuit of power for the sake of being relevant. Those who are resistant to change could find themselves in ruin if caution is not taken. Such as the seasons of time change, so do our circumstances in life and we should be prepared to manage the results of those changes in society. In times of peace, one should build for themselves vessels of protection incase a turmoil develops. We cannot always rely on our luck to be in power but take an active role in ensuring our prolonged stay. The other notion of Machiavelli insists that leaders should separate their innate morality from their actions in

The Legacy of Reconstruction and the Impact of Jim Crow on Economic Essay

The Legacy of Reconstruction and the Impact of Jim Crow on Economic Freedom for African Americans - Essay Example 1) arising after Reconstruction ended by 1877. This was further carried forward into the mid 19th century though during Reconstruction and even subsequent to the passing of the Amendments 13th, 14th and 15th have been enacted, giving black Americans their freedom, citizenship and right to vote. Further, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 has made it illegal to segregate schools, public accommodation, modes of transport, juries etc. However, actual practices have remained contrary and in opposition of relevant statutes. Thus, the period is considered as the era of white domination as a divine right, the belief encouraged by the church that whites are the ‘Chosen People’ and blacks are ‘cursed’ to be servants and that God’s will desired racial segregation. This notion has further fanned and spread at every educational level, by the so called intellectual custodians, that blacks are innately intellectually and culturally inferior to whites. This gives impetus to pro white politicians to cry foul of the laws enacted, through eloquent speeches on the great danger of integration, which could lead to what they termed as ‘mongrelization’ of the whites. ... By the end of Reconstruction phase, which literally meant the rebuilding of the shattered nation after the devastating Civil Wars, the African Americans experienced their first taste of freedom and liberty from the oppressive Jim Crow Laws, and embarked on their sojourn to economical and political emancipation. Though the new amendments and enactments of law during the period emphasized the need for freedom and equality to the blacks, the process sustained a setback during the civil wars, pushing the blacks back again into the dark dungeons of slavery. This can be summed up by the remarks of Robert Richardson, former Confederate General that â€Å"the emancipated slaves own nothing. For nothing besides freedom has been given to them† (Chapter 15: â€Å"W hat Is Freedom? 473). However, it is the same slavery and suffering from discrimination that emboldened them to raise their voice and inspired them to fight for freedom. Garrison Frazier, a black Baptiste Minister, states tha t slavery means â€Å"one person’s receiving by irresistible power the work of another man, and not by his consent† and he defines freedom as â€Å"placing us where we could reap the fruits of our own labor and take care of ourselves† and further adds that this could be accomplished by having â€Å"land and turn it and till it by our own labor† (Chapter 15: â€Å"W hat Is Freedom? 440). This contention, in itself, sums up the aspirations of the African Americans about their yearning to break free of the shackles of slavery with their desire to acquire and own land and achieve prosperity. Besides, they also have had a rightful purpose to attain progress through their own hard work, enshrining in their lives the concepts of equality and liberty at par the other citizens. These revolutionary ideas

Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse - Essay Example The novel can be interpreted from a Buddhist stand point- Siddharta is in pursuit of his innermost essence (Atman); it is made possible only when he denounces his ego, his own selfish identity (Self). When he has got rid of his selfish ego and is moved by universal love, he experiences eternal bliss, happiness and peace (Nirvana). The major theme of the novel is enlightenment. From the start of Siddharta’s journey he seeks salvation. He joints the Samanas (People who live a life of piety, self- denial, free of possessions and desires), visits Buddha, embraces his earthly desires, and finally communes with nature, all in an attempt to obtain Nirvana. His search for his inner life comes to an end finally; he comes to a complete self –realization. In the end, he grasps the wholeness of life, experiencing the sense of fulfillment and wisdom, which come with it. In short the novel is a classical work dealing with the meaning of life. Self-realization is the key word behind siddartha’s enlightenment and his whole life was a pursuit to listen to the voice within him and respond to it positively. As a child when he was living with his father he knew how to recognize the Atman within the depth of his being, undestructable, at one with the universe. Everybody gave him knowledge but he felt that the vessel was incomplete as his heart was not still, as his soul was not at peace. His knowledge couldn’t locate the self, the innermost. He wanted to press towards the Self, towards Atman, but nobody showed the way, nobody knew it- neither his father, nor the teachers and wise men nor the holy songs. His determination to seek Atman was so strong that he remarks: â€Å"One must find the source within one’s own self, one must possess it. Every thing else was seeking- a detour, error† (Siddharta, Page No.6). Unable to find an answer to his quest, Siddharta joins the

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management Essay

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management Essay Why does culture Matter? Globalisation creates one of the most important achievements in todays world; the ability to trade internationally. Understanding cultural differences will only increase the success of companies going aboard. Each country has different currencies and behaviour norms. When global companies are born the workforce becomes diverse. Cultural understanding is a key part to a successful business. Globalization provides better opportunities to companies investing in a new market. The internationalisation of business has exposed firms to a large range of norms for doing business. This essay will show how Wal-Mart, one of the biggest retail chains, deals with cultural difference when opening its doors to Japans Market. Wal-Mart cannot directly transfer its corporate culture of low-cost, high -bulk model, hugely successful in US, to Japan. Wal-Mart is moving into a completely new market, and as such they must enter the market as a blank canvas. Roger Mark clearly states that in order to have global success, its no longer enough to have a hot new product that will save time, or a novel idea that could revolutionize an industry. You also need to understand the cultural values, behaviour styles, negotiating techniques and business practices of the country where you are doing business. Wal-Mart and Japan have different habits. Wal-Mart is moving more to cutting the middleman and forcing stores to remain open for 24 hours. The Japanese culture is based more on fresh produce and has high demands for perishable goods rather than processed food. The Japanese are known for their high demand of quality goods and high income. Wal-Mart is trying to force their low cost high bulk and low quality products on the Japanese market. The company must wonder if their own corporate culture is enough to solve the problems with diverse cultures. If the company itself does not understand the cultural differences it faces can it reap the benefits? Culture is comprised of both value and norms. Culture is a social interest which clearly identifies people interest, thoughts and behaviours. In order for Wal-Mart to survive they must manage cultural diversity because this is in many stages of the internationalization of the business and in all form of the market entry. When entering a new market the business needs to adapt to the specific taste of local people. Wal-Mart cannot deliver the same layout of stores throughout the world, they must adapt to Japanese culture. According to Kurt Barnard It was a dumb thing for Wal-Mart to do. By not understanding cross-cultural influences and not changing the format of their stores to fit cultural differences, Wal-Mart will be unable to compete in foreign markets. Wal-Mart needs to move away from Ethnocentrism and adopt a Polycentrism approach when entering a new market. Fast franchise like McDonald learned their lesson in India. Today McDonalds has localized its products to suit its consumers taste and to recognise the local culture, t herefore creating regional flavours for particular markets. Culture plays an important part on how global companies operate. Wal-Mart needs to adapt the taste of its host country. If we consider the Japanese culture we can clearly see that their living space is much smaller than the average American house, therefore the high-bulk model will not relate to them. Wal-Mart must understand their behaviour first in order to respect the local culture of Japan. What do Japanese people consider as good quality in service and product? Once Wal-Mart determines this it can use the information to better sales campaigns and business interactions instead of using one approach that they believe works everywhere. The firm must determine the countries norms and values, and therefore have a cross- cultural awareness between the Japanese and American cultures. Japanese culture is based on community, family and being part of large group. This is not the same as the American way of life. Global companies need to know that half of business acquisitions fail because they do not input measures that deal with cultural differences. Wal-Mart acquired a Japanese business. Taking over a Japanese firm is the best way of understanding the culture of the Japanese. Why did this not work to Wal-Marts advantage?Companies must require the knowledge of the local culture and the way of doing things. People respond differently to gestures and signs. One of the issues Wal-Mart faced was language barriers in Japan. Wal-Mart is using English-speaking executives to run a retail operation that heavily depends on a detailed understanding of domestic culture. In Japan Harmony is the key value in Japanese society, so when they communicate with each other they use non-verbal expression. Global companies must understand that languages can influence the business in so m any ways. Language is the most important aspect to the business success because this should unlock local societies. Wal-Mart knew full well that entering markets like Japan through acquisition brings together employees from Seiyu with employees from Wal-Mart who speak different languages. They should have adopted a language that can be related to local people. Ideally the international managers in Wal-Mart should be Bi-multilingual. Most American firms tend to slow down their English rather than study the language of Japan The American companies that have succeeded in Japan have done so by using Japanese executives and allowing a significant amount of autonomy. Wal-Mart however seems to be making the same mistake it did in Germany, relying too much on American executives, and not enough on local control. We can clearly see that all Global Companies are faced with many problems which range from language, pricing and culture collisions because cultural differences shape the use and in terpretation of words. Edward hall drew a useful distinction between low and high context cultures. Many Asian countries are seen as high cost cultures. Japanese culture finds it difficult to say no compared to the Americans who are straight forward. Business needs to be aware that problems will naturally arise when high and low cost culture businesses get together. The model is useful in understanding why different cultures might communicate differently because High context south Asian culture companies differ so widely from their low -context western cultures. When companies go global their main objective should be to handle any difficulties to do with culture because once mistakes are made they are hard to fix. This will only destroy the global company operation in the host country. All corporations must have multicultural awareness because it is a vital aspect to a successful business, and you must know the particular industry you are entering. If you do not do this the success of the business is slim. Wal-Mart must HYPERLINK http://www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/localize and do things the Japanese way by encouraging local branch decision making, building local supplier contracts and using local promotion schemes on the other hand Wal-Mart was more focus on doing things the American Way. Wal-Mart did not consider the taste of Japanese people. HYPERLINK http://www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/National culture has a powerful influence on peoples interpretations, understandings, and assessments of those with whom they work-Cultural values can affect decision making, managerial style, interpersonal trust, teamwork, and the role of women in the workplace, among other issues. In order to have successful entry Wal-Mart needed to collect correct and accurate information. Managers in Wal-Mart should undertake An intercultural training course such as Managing Inter national Teams or Managing International Mergers and Acquisitions will give international managers involved in a merger or acquisition the insights they need to develop an effective working culture that plays to the strengths of their multicultural teams and maximises the cultural benefits of their companys acquisition. Japanese Culture is completely different to the Wal-Mart American culture. Cultural dimensions can provide details allowing global companies to deliver the best cultural system with a great outcome. Identifying the main cultural dimensions groups through attitude, values and norms can influence companies success. Geert Hofstede (1984) clearly stated that culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Wal-Mart adopted a management style that did not sit well with the Japanese people. Wal-Mart persuaded Seiyus management in 2004 to dismiss 25% of headquarters staff, including 1,500 employees and managers. That kind of mass firing happens rarely in Japan, which places a premium on social harmony. And when the firing is done at the behest of foreigners, it takes on added negative connotations. Wal-Mart should determine the cultural attitudes of the employees. Research shows how national culture can also affect the workfo rce in an organisation. Wal-Mart did not use the Greenfield Investment, which involved entering a country without a partner from the host country. Wal-Mart did the opposite so it should be fully aware of the effect of the Japanese culture. It is up to the managers in a corporation to understand culture. Hofstedes research looks for sub cultural and regional differences, industry differences and differences arising from the organisational culture. Power distances generally mean people will accept unequal distribution of powers. In the Case of Wal-Mart you can see that it is more homogeneous compared to Japan, therefore they need togive more power to local managers and their supplier-network. Japanese power distances are lower so Management should decentralise. Americans do not accept power distances so the American workers in Wal-Mart at the Japanese branch should input empowering systems. Japanese hold harmony as a social ideal, patience as a personal virtue, and hierarchy as an ess ential organizing principle. Americans, in contrast, hold freedom as a social ideal, action-orientation as a personal virtue, and equality as a fundamental organizing principle. We have seen that the Hostede model such as individualism versus collectivism and feminine versus masculinity help categorize as well as identify cultural differences. If we take individualism versus collectivism you will know that Americans are more independent and have self -determination compared to Japan where the workforce work in groups. In order to solve this issue Wal-Mart should develop group goals and policies that relieve stress. The Japanese people also believe power should be controlled by society, even though this model does not present detailed analyses of individual cultures. This useful research shows the role of cultural differences which is useful for international management. These are challenges many managers will face in todays global markets because not managing culture effectively can stop growth as well as production. The use of the concepts of cultural dimensions such as those of Hostede and Trompanear provide the means to construct cultural clusters of countries or subcultures within and across countries. These clusters can be used to identify areas which need development in order to reduce problems caused by cultural differences. For example advertising can use this model to make adverts relative to certain cultural dimensions. Wal-Mart needs this because once Seiyu was taken over it became a whole new store. Yes Wal-Mart provided low cost products but the high quality products that the Japanese are used to disappeared. Wal-Mart should clearly see how different their culture is compared to Japanese. The bad thing about these models is that they assume that culture does not change and they develop serotypes. The cultural theorists base their research on the management of the company rather than the national culture. Wal-Mart must show consideration and care in dealing with cultural differences both inside and outside the organisation. Japanese people are willing to pay top prices for goods of high quality. Wal-Mart should ensure that their global company service as well as product meets the standards of the people living there. Care must take place amongst managers regarding the relationship between the home and host country in terms of working practices. Firms need to be sensitive to culture because if they dont it can cause failed joint ventures as well as misunderstandings. Their cultural differences need to be respected across borders. Employees in the organisation must be aware of norms and the general customs when entering the host country. Businesses need to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the career progression of their employees and on communication and decision-making, Firms can solve the problems of cultural difference by engaging in cross- cultural training. S ome researchers have stated that Wal-Mart is way behind the knowledge of the locals taste. One of the reasons that failed Wal-Mart internationally is when it attempt to transport the companys unique culture and retailing concept to each new country. Gilman (2004) asserts that in Wal-Mart overseas expansion, it has been trying hard to launch the supercenter concept, therefore the corporate culture does not match the national culture. Understanding cultural difference allows managers to develop policies to manage cross cultural activities. In this essay we have seen that internationalisation of a business has exposed the business to different norms when crossing cultural borders because more firms move away and enter new markets. A comparison between National cultures is important. We have seen the clash in the national cultures between countries as well as the corporate culture. We can clearly see that how culture plays an important role in the success of a global company. The theory clearly compares how companies like Wal-Mart try to impose the same norms on all its foreign markets. The approaches to solving cultural differences clearly assume that firms will be given advantages. Culture should be the heart of the organisation because we can clearly see that it determines the success or failure of the firm. It is up to the employees in the organisation who exist within the corporate culture to understand the outside environment culture because we must see culture as ever changing. In order to solve the problem with c ulture we must learn to adapt. The company needs strategy development in order to overcome the hurdles caused by cultural differences. We can clearly see that every country and region has their own culture; therefore global companies must have a good understanding. Culture is clearly the way of life for people so it is only natural that companies leave their ethnocentric culture where they basically see only their own culture rather than the Polycentric culture. This creates conflict as we have seen in both corporate cultures as well as national culture. In order to overcome such problems global companies need to acknowledge the diverse culture around them. No more assumption and judgment because people learn culture through what they are taught. It is only natural for global companies to put in effect strategies allowing them to adapt to the cultural changes. If we take the company Coca Cola strategy which changed the sweetness of their soda to meet the consumers taste buds in diff erent countries. They did not neglect the needs of the local people; they therefore have the full respect of their culture and history. We have seen how cultural theories like Hofstede can allow global companies to take into consideration the cultural cluster that effects society but the problem with this theory is more based on how the organisation can improve culture difference inside the global company rather than the environment outside the organisation.

mortgage :: essays research papers

Mortgage Terms Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM): A mortgage with interest rates and monthly payments adjusted at regular intervals based on changes in either a national or regional index. Also called "variable-rate mortgage." Amortization: A loan payment schedule characterized by equal periodic payments that are calculated to meet current interest payments and retire the principal at the end of a fixed period (at maturity if the loan is fully amortized). Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The total yearly cost of a mortgage stated as a percentage of the loan amount; includes such items as the base interest rate, private mortgage insurance, and loan origination fee (points). Appraisal: A written analysis of the estimated value of a property prepared by a qualified appraiser. ARM Margin: The spread (or difference) between the index rate and the mortgage interest rate for an adjustable-rate mortgage. Balloon Mortgage: A mortgage in which the debt service (the regular payments of principal and interest) will not result in the complete payment of the loan by the end of the mortgage term. Cap: A provision of an ARM limiting how much the interest rate or mortgage payments may increase or decrease. Cash Reserve: A requirement of some lenders that buyers have sufficient cash remaining after closing to make the first two monthly mortgage payments. Closing: The completion of a real estate transaction that transfers rights of ownership to the buyer. Also called "settlement." Condominium: A type of property ownership within a multiunit complex in which the homeowner owns a unit and a proportionate interest in certain common areas, such as the grounds of the complex. Contingency: A condition that must be met before a contract is legally binding. Conventional Mortgage: A loan that is not insured or guaranteed by the federal government. Credit Report: A report from an independent agency that verifies a loan applicant's information on previous debts and liabilities. Deed: The legal document conveying title to a property. Down Payment: The part of the purchase price which the buyer pays in cash and does not finance with a mortgage. Earnest Money: A deposit made by the potential home buyer to show that he or she is serious about buying the house. Easement: A right of way giving persons other than the owner access to or over a property. Equity: A homeowner's financial interest in a property. Equity is the difference between the fair market value of a property and the amount still owed on the mortgage.